diff --git a/cutedsl/runner.py b/cutedsl/runner.py
index 2bf08acf..20ceb93d 100644
--- a/cutedsl/runner.py
+++ b/cutedsl/runner.py
@@ -269,6 +269,11 @@ class CuTeDSLMoERunner:
         self._allocate_buffers()
 
     def prepare_weights_direct(self, l1_fp4, l1_sf, l1_gs, l2_fp4, l2_sf, l2_gs):
+        """DEPRECATED: Use prepare_weights_from_stacked() for checkpoint weights.
+        
+        This path takes pre-quantized per-expert lists. The stacked path is
+        more memory-efficient and avoids per-expert list overhead.
+        """
         self.l1_fp4 = l1_fp4
         self.l1_sf = l1_sf
         self.l1_gs = l1_gs
@@ -298,6 +303,13 @@ class CuTeDSLMoERunner:
         self._l1_mat_b = None
 
     def prepare_weights_from_dequantized(self, l1_weights_bf16, l2_weights_bf16):
+        """DEPRECATED: Use prepare_weights_from_stacked() instead.
+        
+        This path dequantizes checkpoint NVFP4 to BF16 then re-quantizes to our FP4.
+        While the round-trip is lossless for DeepSeek-V4 (our packing matches
+        the checkpoint convention exactly), it wastes memory and compute.
+        The direct byte path (prepare_weights_from_stacked) is preferred.
+        """
         self.l1_fp4, self.l1_sf, self.l1_gs = [], [], []
         self.l2_fp4, self.l2_sf, self.l2_gs = [], [], []
         for l1_w, l2_w in zip(l1_weights_bf16, l2_weights_bf16):
diff --git a/tests/test_fp4_roundtrip.py b/tests/test_fp4_roundtrip.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7b00870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_fp4_roundtrip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""Test: Check if dequantize→requantize preserves checkpoint FP4 weights.
+
+If the rounding convention differs (round-half-up vs round-half-to-even),
+the FP4 buckets shift and accumulated error across 1.6T weights matters.
+
+This test:
+1. Loads a single expert's checkpoint FP4 weights
+2. Dequantizes them to BF16 (using the checkpoint's scales/gs)
+3. Re-quantizes BF16 → FP4 (using our quantize_weight_to_nvfp4)
+4. Dequantizes the re-quantized weights back to BF16
+5. Compares: ||W_ours - W_checkpoint||_F / ||W_checkpoint||_F
+
+If > 1e-3, there's a rounding mismatch that matters.
+"""
+import sys
+import torch
+
+def dequantize_nvfp4_weight(packed_uint8, scale_e4m3, global_scale):
+    """Dequantize NVFP4 weight tensor to BF16.
+    
+    Args:
+        packed_uint8: (N, K_packed) uint8 — packed FP4 bytes
+        scale_e4m3: (N, K_sf) float8_e4m3fn — block scales
+        global_scale: float32 scalar
+    
+    Returns:
+        (N, K_original) BF16 weight matrix
+    """
+    # Unpack FP4 → BF16
+    raw = packed_uint8.view(torch.uint8)
+    low = (raw & 0x0F).to(torch.int8)  # even elements
+    high = ((raw >> 4) & 0x0F).to(torch.int8)  # odd elements
+    
+    # E2M1 magnitudes: [0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0]
+    e2m1_values = torch.tensor([0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0],
+                                dtype=torch.float32, device=raw.device)
+    
+    # Sign: bit 3 = 1 means negative
+    low_sign = (low >> 3).bool()
+    low_idx = (low & 0x07)
+    high_sign = (high >> 3).bool()
+    high_idx = (high & 0x07)
+    
+    low_mag = e2m1_values[low_idx.long()]
+    high_mag = e2m1_values[high_idx.long()]
+    low_val = torch.where(low_sign, -low_mag, low_mag)
+    high_val = torch.where(high_sign, -high_mag, high_mag)
+    
+    # Interleave low and high
+    N, K_packed = packed_uint8.shape
+    K = K_packed * 2
+    values = torch.stack([low_val, high_val], dim=-1).reshape(N, K)
+    
+    # Dequantize: value * block_scale * global_scale
+    K_sf = scale_e4m3.shape[1]
+    block_size = K // K_sf  # Should be 16
+    scale_expanded = scale_e4m3.float().unsqueeze(2).expand(-1, -1, block_size).reshape(N, K)
+    dequant = values * scale_expanded * global_scale
+    
+    return dequant.to(torch.bfloat16)
+
+
+def test_roundtrip():
+    from safetensors.torch import load_file
+    import glob
+    
+    # Load checkpoint
+    files = sorted(glob.glob('/root/nvidia-meeting/DeepSeek-V4-Pro-NVFP4/*.safetensors'))
+    if not files:
+        print("No safetensor files found")
+        return
+    
+    # Find a file with expert 0 weights
+    d = load_file(files[0])
+    
+    # Test gate_proj of expert 0
+    gate_w = d['model.layers.0.mlp.experts.0.gate_proj.weight'].cuda()  # (3072, 3584) uint8
+    gate_sf = d['model.layers.0.mlp.experts.0.gate_proj.weight_scale'].cuda()  # (3072, 448) fp8
+    gate_gs = d['model.layers.0.mlp.experts.0.gate_proj.weight_scale_2'].item()  # float32
+    
+    print(f"Checkpoint: gate_proj shape={gate_w.shape}, sf shape={gate_sf.shape}, gs={gate_gs}")
+    
+    # Step 1: Dequantize checkpoint → BF16
+    gate_bf16 = dequantize_nvfp4_weight(gate_w, gate_sf, gate_gs)
+    print(f"Dequantized: shape={gate_bf16.shape}, amax={gate_bf16.abs().amax().item():.6f}")
+    
+    # Step 2: Re-quantize BF16 → FP4 using our convention
+    sys.path.insert(0, '/root/dsv4-nvfp4-workspace/kernel')
+    from cutedsl.bridge import quantize_weight_to_nvfp4
+    
+    # quantize_weight_to_nvfp4 expects (K, N) where K is the packed dim
+    # Our gate is (3072, 7168) in BF16, so K=3072, N=7168
+    # But the checkpoint stores it as (3072, 3584) uint8 = (3072, 7168//2) packed
+    # The dequantized shape is (3072, 7168) BF16
+    # quantize_weight_to_nvfp4 expects (K, N) = (3072, 7168)
+    
+    w_fp4, w_sf, w_gs = quantize_weight_to_nvfp4(gate_bf16)
+    print(f"Re-quantized: fp4 shape={w_fp4.shape}, sf shape={w_sf.shape}, gs={w_gs}")
+    
+    # Step 3: Dequantize the re-quantized weights
+    gate_bf16_ours = dequantize_nvfp4_weight(
+        w_fp4.view(torch.uint8) if w_fp4.dtype != torch.uint8 else w_fp4,
+        w_sf,
+        w_gs,
+    )
+    
+    # Step 4: Compare
+    diff = (gate_bf16_ours - gate_bf16).float()
+    rel_err = diff.norm() / gate_bf16.float().norm()
+    max_err = diff.abs().max()
+    
+    print(f"\n=== Results ===")
+    print(f"Relative error (Frobenius): {rel_err.item():.6f}")
+    print(f"Max absolute error: {max_err.item():.6f}")
+    print(f"Threshold: 1e-3 = {rel_err.item() > 1e-3}")
+    
+    # Step 5: Compare raw FP4 bytes
+    our_uint8 = w_fp4.view(torch.uint8) if w_fp4.dtype != torch.uint8 else w_fp4
+    byte_match = (our_uint8 == gate_w).float().mean()
+    print(f"FP4 byte match rate: {byte_match.item():.4f}")
+    
+    # Step 6: Check where they differ
+    if byte_match.item() < 1.0:
+        mismatch = (our_uint8 != gate_w)
+        mismatch_count = mismatch.sum().item()
+        total = gate_w.numel()
+        print(f"Byte mismatches: {mismatch_count}/{total} ({mismatch_count/total*100:.2f}%)")
+        
+        # Sample some mismatches
+        idx = mismatch.nonzero()[:5]
+        for i in range(min(5, len(idx))):
+            r, c = idx[i].tolist()
+            ours = our_uint8[r, c].item()
+            theirs = gate_w[r, c].item()
+            print(f"  [{r},{c}] ours=0x{ours:02x} checkpoint=0x{theirs:02x}")
+    
+    # Step 7: Also compare scales
+    if w_sf.shape == gate_sf.shape and w_sf.dtype == gate_sf.dtype:
+        sf_match = (w_sf == gate_sf).float().mean()
+        print(f"Block scale match rate: {sf_match.item():.4f}")
+    
+    print(f"\nGlobal scale: ours={w_gs:.8f}, checkpoint={gate_gs:.8f}, diff={abs(w_gs - gate_gs):.8f}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_roundtrip()